March 2020

Zakaria Mowafy Emam, Sherif Ahmed Swar, Ahmed Hassan Elthakaby, Hany Mohamed Elgohary and Sara Emad Mohamed Fawzy

Diarrhea is a condition, where watery stool are passed in excess, several times a day through rectum. This disease when untreated gradually leads to mild to severe dehydration, which in turn adversely affects children & is the major concern of mortality in children. In Ayurveda, it can be compared with a disease Atisara which is characterized by mala Atisarana through Guda is called as Atisara. This is a disease characterized by Atidrava Mala Pravritti due to Vimarga Gamana of Udaka from Udakavahasrotas to the Annavaha and Purishavaha Srotas. It is caused by the influence of Purishavaha Sroato Dusti. Essential factor in this condition is the abnormal rapid passage of food materials mixed with fluid drawn from the whole body through the Mahasrotas due to vitiation of Ahara Parinamakara Bhavas and due to increased peristalsis. A male patient for the complaints of Atisara like dravamalavega (diarrohea lasting for more than 2 weeks), Jwara (moderate T-1010F to 1030F), Vivarnata (moderate), Udara Shoola (continuous moderate pain), Trishna (moderate-drinks poorly), Kshudhahani (appetite decreased), Daurbalya (weakness), Nidralpata (reduced sleep) is treated with combination of herbal, potent, safe, economical & effectively accessible Anti-diarrheal drugs from natural sources like Sanjeevani Vati 62.5mg, Kutaj Churna & Bilvamagaj Churna 1gm with curd two times a day after food for a period of 7 days. After treatment, a significant relief in sign and symptoms was found.

The study investigated the difference in academic performance of Islamic studies students taught using activity-based teaching strategy and those taught using traditional method of teaching in senior secondary schools in Katsina Metropolis. One objective and one corresponding research question as well as one hypothesis were formulated to guide the researcher.A quasi experimental pre-test, post-test design was used for the study. The study sampled 118 out of a total population of 12,169 of Islamic studies students from tworandomly selected Senior Secondary schools (SS II). The study subjects in the experimental group were taught a variety of concepts that were designed to enhance cognitive and intellectual abilities; the group was also exposed to concepts designed to promote psychomotor skills acquisition. This group was taught through the use of activity-based teaching strategy. The control group was taught the same content using the traditional method for a period of six weeks. Two instruments were developed for data collection; “Islamic Studies Performance Test” (ISPT) which was designed to measure cognitive and intellectual aspect of learning and the “Observation Rating Scale” (ORS) which was designed to measure and evaluate psychomotor skills acquisition. T-test for independent samples was used to test the hypothesis raised in the study using SPSS package at 0.05 of significance level. The finding of the study revealed that the use of activity-based teaching strategy is more effective in enhancing students’ mastery of Islamic studies topics at senior secondary schools than the use of teacher-centred traditional methodology. Based on this finding, it was recommended that the teacher should employ the use of activity-based teaching strategy in enhancing mastery of Islamic studies topics amongst students in our senior secondary schools.

Today, the increasing population of the elderly in the demographic structure and planning and policies aiming to meet their needs have become an important issue all over the world. The economic, social and physical limitations and inadequacies that occur with old age affect both the social life and active participation of the elderly individuals and their relatives in different areas. Improvements concerning this population group; will affect the social, economic and social welfare levels of the current population, and will support social sustainability by increasing the welfare levels of future generations. The 'development plans' programmed to meet social demands, along with the policies that guide the development of the country, also set out the service targets for the changing population structure. The five-year development plans prepared by the Ministry of Development are strategies and policies targeting the country's developments in social, cultural and economic fields. Eleven development plans, covering strategic plans have been prepared and implemented since 1963. All institutional and structural arrangements are provided by taking into consideration the social life and demographic structure within the scope of Development Plans; and sustainable social, environmental and economic development goals are also set. The aim of the study is to show the change of the policies that is foreseen for the elderly population and progress of the development plans that will meet the needs of the country and ensure its social welfare over the years with a social sustainability perspective. The method for creating the study was examining how the elderly population policies for each five-year period changed over the years by analyzing of all development plans. In this context, the study aims to contribute to the direction in which policies aiming to increase the social welfare and economic life participation of the elderly population should be handled in the context of social sustainability.